If the metal sheet is too thick to be penetrated the rays cast a shadow.  The rays pass through thin sheet of metals.  They produce phosphorescence on certain salts like ZnS and fluorescence on glass and blacken photo- graphic plates which result from the wave component of the flowing electrons. Their independent straightforward motion is a result of the directional momentum of the particulized component of the emerging electrons.

Such rays are energized electrons that leave the cathode surface in the direction of the anode.  Cathode rays come out at right angles to the surface of the cathode and move in a straight line which is independent on the position of the anode. Thomson and others it will be shown how the postulate introduced in this paper of considering flow of electrons as a simultaneous flow of particles and waves may offer more plausible explanations of the found experimental results than that the previous explanation of electrons as particles carrying am- biguous charges.

Reviewing following properties of the cathode rays as found experimentally by J. Such thinking led to open the way to the confusions of the nature of electrons as waves and particles. However, the ideas of Thomson are still considered as facts that cannot be discussed. Thomson came up with the initial idea for the structure of the atom, postulating that it consisted of these negatively charged particles swimming in a sea of positive charge. He decided upon the latter and came up with the idea that the cathode rays were made of particles that emanated from within the atoms themselves, a very bold and innovative idea. Thomson found out that the charge to mass ratio was so large that the particles either carried a huge charge, or were a thousand times smaller than a hydrogen ion. They were too small to have their mass or charge calculated directly, but he attempted to deduce this from how much the particles were bent by electrical currents, of varying strengths. Then, he decided to try to work out the nature of the particles. This result was a major discovery in itself, but Thomson resolved to understand more about the nature of these particles. As he expected, the rays were deflected by the electric charge, proving beyond doubt that the rays were made up of charged particles carrying a negative charge. Halfway down the tube were two electric plates, producing a positive anode and a negative cathode, which he hoped would deflect the rays. Then, he constructed a slightly different cathode ray tube, with a fluorescent coating at one end and a near perfect vacuum. This proved that the negative charge and the ray were inseparable and intertwined. He found that by applying a magnetic field across the tube, there was no activity recorded by the electrometers and so the charge had been bent away by the magnet. This cylinder had two slits in it, leading to electrometers, which could measure small electric charges. Thomson whose first experiment was to build a cathode ray tube with a metal cylinder on the end. These rays were called “Cathode Rays” and were defined later as electrons. When a current of high voltage (10,000 volts) is passed through a gas kept at a very low pressure (0.01 - 0.03 mm Hg), blue rays are seen emerging from the case as seen by the dotted lines in Figure 4. Such passage of electricity through gases was studied by a number of physicists, particularly by Faraday, Davy, Crookes and J.J. During the latter half of the nineteenth century, it was found that while normally dry gases do not conduct an electric current, they do so under very low pressure and then patches of light are seen. The authenticity of such a postulate will be verified by reviewing the results of the Cathode-Ray experiment that were wrongly explained by some authors. Such a postulate explains the dual behavior of the flow of electrons as a flow of particles or a flow of waves is not due to unknown nature of electrons but it is due to the simultaneously flowing waves and the electrons. Accordingly it is possible to postulate the flow of electrons may behave as particles or as waves according to its velocity or according to the relative values of its memberships. So if the electron’s velocity is half the velocity of light, half of the electron’s mass will have wave’s nature and the other half has a particle’s nature. The considered electron has approximately equal values of particulized energy and wave energy. Such values indicate both the energy and mass ratios of the two components of an electron. values of the ratio of the two components o and  w can be considered as memberships of the flowing electrons where  o is the particulized-system’s membership and  w is the wave-system’s membership.

Cathode ray definition